Prolapso rectal completo / Complete Rectal Prolapse

Introducción: El prolapso rectal completo es la invaginación de las capas del recto a través del canal anal y su protrusión fuera de este. Su incidencia es de 2,5 por 100 000 habitantes con predominio en mujeres de edad avanzada. Es una afección de curso crónico y benigno, cuya presentación clínica y endoscópica es tan variable que puede confundirse con otras entidades como con el cáncer colorrectal. Objetivo: Presentar el caso de una paciente femenina, operada de prolapso rectal completo en la provincia de Cienfuegos. Presentación de caso: Se presenta una paciente femenina de 76 años de edad, blanca, de procedencia rural que acude a la consulta y refiere que lleva 12 días sin defecar. Además, presenta dolor, sangramiento rectal no activo y una masa que protruía a través de la región anal sugestiva al examen físico de un prolapso rectal completo. El tacto rectal confirma el diagnóstico. Se realiza reducción quirúrgica del prolapso por técnica de Delorme. Actualmente lleva 6 meses de operada con evolución favorable. Por lo poco frecuente de esta entidad se considera de interés científico su publicación. Conclusión: Esta entidad es poco común en el entorno médico, el gran cambio que causa en el nivel de vida de aquellos que la portan y sus complicaciones hace que requiera un tratamiento rápido y oportuno(AU)

Introduction: Complete rectal prolapse is the invagination of the rectal layers through the anal canal and its protrusion out of it. Its incidence is 2.5 per 100,000 inhabitants, predominantly in elderly women. It is a chronic and benign condition, whose clinical and endoscopic presentation is so variable that it can be confused with other entities, such as colorectal cancer. Objective: To present the case of a female patient who underwent surgery for complete rectal prolapse in the province of Cienfuegos. Case presentation: A 76-year-old female patient, white, from a rural area, came to the clinic and reported that she had not defecated for 12 days. In addition, she presents pain, nonactive rectal bleeding and a mass protruding through the anal region suggestive, on physical examination, of a complete rectal prolapse. Digital rectal examination confirmed the diagnosis. Surgical reduction of the prolapse was performed using the Delorme technique. She has undergone surgery for 6 months now, with favorable evolution. Due to the rarity of this entity, its publication is considered as scientifically interesting. Conclusion: This entity is uncommon in the medical environment. The great change that it causes in the living standards of those who carry it and its complications make it require a quick and timely treatment(AU)

Proctocolite induzida por proteína alimentar - teste de provocação oral deve ser realizado para confirmar o diagnóstico de alergia ao leite de vaca em neonatos? / Induced proctocolitis - oral food challenge should be done to confirm the diagnosis of cow's milk allergy in neonates?

ABSTRACT Background: Suspicion of food protein-induced proctocolitis based on empirical understanding of rectal bleeding can lead to misdiagnosis. Objective: to verify clinical and evaluative characteristics of patients who presented neonatal rectal bleeding and were on a restricted cow's milk diet. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study included patients followed up in a tertiary care center, who presented rectal bleeding in the neonatal period. The analyzed data included gender, gestational age, type of delivery, use of antibiotics during the last trimester of pregnancy, use of parenteral nutrition before the first manifestation, use of mechanical ventilation, initial clinical manifestations associated with rectal bleeding, diet before the first manifestation, period of elimination diet, oral food challenge (OFC) results and symptoms presented in cases of positive OFC. Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney test were used to analyze the data. The level of significance was set to 5%. Results: Forty-two patients were selected: 30 preterm infants, 34 cesarean deliveries, 10 exclusively breastfed patients before rectal bleeding. Median age at OFC was 6.3 months old. Median of length of the elimination period before OFC was 5.9 months. OFC was negative in 33/42 (79%) patients and positive in 9/42 (21%). There was no association between OFC results and the evaluated data. The main symptom observed in patients with positive OFC was blood in stools. Conclusion: OFC was negative in most cases of suspected cow's milk allergy due to rectal bleeding in neonates, most of them with a history of prematurity.

RESUMO Contexto: A suspeita de proctocolite induzida por proteína alimentar (PCIPA) com base na compreensão empírica de sangramento retal pode levar a diagnósticos equivocados. Objetivo Verificar as características clínicas e evolutivas de pacientes que apresentavam sangramento retal neonatal e faziam uso de dieta restrita com leite de vaca. Métodos: Estudo transversal retrospectivo com pacientes acompanhados em um centro terciário, que apresentaram sangramento retal no período neonatal. Os dados analisados incluíram: sexo, idade gestacional, tipo de parto, uso de antibióticos no último trimestre da gravidez, uso de nutrição parenteral antes da primeira manifestação, uso de ventilação mecânica, manifestações clínicas iniciais associadas ao sangramento retal, dieta antes da primeira manifestação, período de dieta de eliminação, resultados do teste de provocação oral (TPO) e sintomas apresentados em casos de TPO positivo. O teste exato de Fisher e o teste de Mann-Whitney foram usados para analisar os dados. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: Quarenta e dois pacientes foram selecionados: 30 prematuros, 34 partos cesáreos, 10 pacientes amamentadas exclusivamente antes do sangramento retal. A idade média na ocasião do TPO foi de 6,3 meses. A mediana da duração do período da dieta de eliminação antes do TPO foi de 5,9 meses. O TPO foi negativo em 33/42 (79%) pacientes e positivo em 9/42 (21%). Não houve associação entre os resultados do TPO e os dados avaliados. O principal sintoma observado em pacientes com TPO positivo foi sangue nas fezes. Conclusão: O TPO foi negativo na maioria dos casos de suspeita de alergia ao leite de vaca devido a sangramento retal em neonatos, a maioria deles com história de prematuridade.

Hematochezia in a 6-year-old girl: An unusual cause

Anorectal disorders, anal fissures, and distal polyps are the most common causes of hematochezia in children. However, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), even though quite rare in children, can present with an isolated per rectal bleeding. Early onset IBD is described in patients younger than 10 years of age; however, these are rare instances of even neonates presenting with IBD.Here, we report the case of a 6-year-old girl who presented with episodes of per rectal bleeding for several months with severe anemia and malnutrition and was also found to have an anteriorly displaced anus. She underwent colonoscopy which revealed features suggestive of ulcerative colitis which was eventually confirmed by biopsy. She was treated with corticosteroids and aminosalicylate, namely, Mesalamine. Later, the patient was treated with Azathioprine which resulted in the complete resolution of symptoms and improvement in nutritional status that was evident on regular follow-ups. IBD in children younger than 10 years of age is a rare entity and requires a strong suspicion for diagnosis.

Argón plasma: respuesta terapéutica y calidad de vida en pacientes con proctitis actínica crónica hemorrágica / Impact of exclusive breastfeeding withdrawal on the health of babies

Introducción: La proctitis actínica crónica hemorrágica (PACH) se presenta secundaria a la radioterapia pélvica. La coagulación con argón plasma (APC) es una terapéutica eficaz, segura, de fácil uso y relativo bajo costo. Objetivo: Describir la respuesta terapéutica a corto y largo plazo del APC en pacientes con PACH, así como evaluar la calidad de vida antes y después de la intervención. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo de serie de casos en 46 pacientes con PACH, atendidos en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso entre 2017 y 2020. Se emplearon medidas de resumen y comparación de medias (t de Student pareada) para la hemoglobina inicial y final, así como para los puntajes de calidad de vida aplicados antes y después de la intervención. Para determinar el tiempo libre de resangrado se utilizó l Método de Kaplan-Meier. Se estimó una significación menor a 0.05 para un intervalo de confianza de 95 por . Resultados: Se necesitó una media de 3,6 ± 2,394 sesiones de APC. La media de hemoglobina se incrementó 1,9 g/L. La respuesta terapéutica a corto plazo se observó en 100 por ciento de los pacientes y a largo plazo en 91,3 . La media de puntaje para la calidad de vida descendió en 12,065 puntos (p˂ 0,00), La percepción global percibida se incrementó en una media de 7.326 puntos (p˂ 0,00). Conclusiones: El APC tiene buena respuesta terapéutica a corto y largo plazo con pocas sesiones y bajo número de complicaciones, con mejoría de la calidad de vida de los pacientes(AU)

Introduction: Chronic hemorrhagic radiation proctitis (CHRP) appears secondary to pelvic radiotherapy. Argon plasma coagulation (APC) is an effective, safe, easy-to-use, and relatively inexpensive therapy. Objective: To describe the short- and long-term therapeutic response of APC in patients with CHRP, as well as to evaluate the quality of life before and after the intervention. Material and Methods: Observational, prospective case series study of 46 patients with CHRP, treated at the National Center for Minimally Access Surgery between 2017 and 2020. Summary measures and comparison of means (paired Student's t-test) were used for baseline and final hemoglobin, as well as for the quality of life scores applied before and after the intervention. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine the recurrence free time. A level of significance less than 0.05 was estimated for a 95 por ciento confidence interval. Results: A mean of 3,6 ± 2,394 APC sessions was required. The mean hemoglobin increased 1,9 g / L. Short-term therapeutic response was observed in 100 % of patients, and long-term in 91,3 por ciento. The mean score for quality of life decreased by 12,065 points (p˂ 0,00). The perceived global perception increased by a mean of 7,326 points (p˂ 0,00). Conclusions: APC has a good therapeutic response in the short and long term with few sessions and a low number of complications, with an improvement in the quality of life of the patients(AU)

Role Of Sulphur In Haemorrhoids

Background:As there is controversy and disagreement with respect to treatment of Haemorrhoids adopted by conventional method due to inefficacy, relapse and complications are seen. It is most prevalent ailments and impacts the quality of life significantly. Haemorrhoids are enlarged, swollen veins around the anus externally or in lower rectum1. This study aim to access Role of Sulphur in Cases of Haemorrhoids as a constitutional2,3, medicine follow well2,3, anti miasmatic5,6. The Study showed near about 100% of cases responded to Sulphur4,5, thus proving effective role of Sulphur in Haemorrhoids. The study aim role of Sulphur in Haemorrhoids.Aminimum of 1 year and 15 to 70 yrs of age and six matched controls were included in the study. As there is controversy and disagreement with respect to treatment of Hamorrhoids adopted by conventional method due to inefficacy relapse and complications are seen. It is most prevalent ailments and impacts the quality of life significantly. Haemorrhoids are enlarged, swollen veins around the anus externally or in lower rectum1. Material And Methods:Here patients were subjected on clinical presentation and examination using standard scales measuring severity andanoscopy. The entire process was done using standard case research record with a follow up of minimum 3 months period. Result:Out of 30 patients screened, it was observed that 66.6% of affected patient were in age group of 25-40, 16.7% in 41-54. Males prevalency was present and in that 26.6% were service class, driver 13.3% and mechanics 13.3%. Showing occupation played a significant role. The study should 100% of cases responded to sulphur as a constitutional medicine in 23.3% cases, as a follows well cases in 60%. Conclusion:Hence we conclude that along with Homoeopthic medication used asconstitutional, follow well, Dietary corrections, correction of sedentary habits by exercise etc. Which are the predisposing factorsis alsomandatory.

Application of 4% formaldehyde under electronic colonoscope as a minimally invasive treatment of chronic hemorrhagic radiation proctitis / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

BACKGROUND@#To investigate the effectiveness of topical application of 4% formaldehyde as a minimally invasive treatment of rectal bleeding due to chronic radiation proctitis (CRP) under direct vision of electronic colonoscope.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 13 CRP patients complicated with ≥ grade II bleeding admitted to our hospital between January 2003 and December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Under the guidance of electronic colonoscope, 4% formaldehyde combined with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) suppositories was topically applied. Patients were followed up for two months after treatment, and the therapeutic effectiveness was observed and analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The rectal bleeding due to CRP was markedly reduced after topical application of 4% formaldehyde under colonoscope in all 13 patients. The bleeding stopped after one treatment session in 11 patients and after the second session in 2 patients. 5-ASA was also applied along with the use of 4% formaldehyde. The therapeutic effectiveness was satisfactory during the 1- and 2-month follow-up period.@*CONCLUSION@#Topical application of 4% formaldehyde under the direct vision of colonoscope as a minimally invasive treatment for CRB-induced bleeding is a simple, effective, affordable, and repeatable technique without obvious complications, which deserves further exploration and promotion.

Endoscopic Findings in Children with Isolated Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Colorectal polyps are a common cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in children. Our aim was to study the causes of isolated lower gastrointestinal bleeding and to analyze the characteristics of the colorectal polyps found in our cohort. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed colonoscopic procedures performed between 2007 and 2015. Children with isolated lower gastrointestinal bleeding were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 185 colonoscopies were performed for isolated lower gastrointestinal bleeding. The median patient age was 8 years, and 77 patients (41.6%) were found to have colonic polyps. Normal colonoscopy findings were observed and acute colitis was detected in 77 (41.6%) and 14 (7.4%) patients, respectively. Single colonic polyps and 2–3 polyps were detected in 73 (94.8%) and 4 (5.2%) patients with polyps, respectively. Of the single polyps, 69 (94.5%) were juvenile polyps, among which 65 (94.2%) were located in the left colon. CONCLUSIONS: Single left-sided juvenile polyps were the most common cause of isolated lower gastrointestinal bleeding in our study. It was rare to find multiple polyps and polyps proximal to the splenic flexure in our cohort. A full colonoscopy is still recommended in all patients in order to properly diagnose the small but significant group of patients with pathologies found proximal to the splenic flexure.

A prospective study of efficacy and safety of rubber band ligation in the treatment of Grade II and III hemorrhoids - a western Indian experience / Estudo prospectivo da eficácia e segurança da ligadura elástica no tratamento de hemorroidas de Grau II e III - uma experiência na Índia ocidental

ABSTRACT Background: Hemorrhoids are one of the most frequent diseases of the anal region with high prevalence involving all age groups. Multiple treatment options exist with none being perfect. Rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids is a non-operative treatment which can be performed on outpatient basis. Objective: The study was undertaken to determine efficacy of banding in treatment of Grade II and III hemorrhoids and to follow-up patients treated by banding to evaluate for symptomatic relief, recurrence and complications. Study design: A prospective, interventional study with clearance from the institutional ethics committee was undertaken over the period of 2 years in a tertiary referral center with a sample size of 60. Result: Out of 60 patients, 41 patients (68.30%) had Grade II and 19 patients (31.7%) had Grade III hemorrhoids. At first follow up, success rate for Grade II hemorrhoids was 85% (35/41) as compared to 21% (4/19) in Grade III. The unsuccessful 20 patients were re-banded, however only 2 of them responded to procedure. At the end of 6 weeks, 36 patients with Grade II hemorrhoids (88%) were cured. Failure rate was higher for Grade III hemorrhoids (68.42%, n = 13). Success rate was 86.6% for single hemorrhoid. There were no major complications. Anemia reverted significantly with successful band ligation. Conclusion: Rubber band ligation is a simple, safe and effective method for treating symptomatic second and third degree hemorrhoids as an outpatient procedure. It gives better results for Grade II and single hemorrhoids. Recurrence rate after successful band ligation is low.

RESUMO Background: As hemorroidas são uma das doenças mais frequentes da região anal, com alta prevalência envolvendo todas as faixas etárias. Existem várias opções de tratamento, sendo que nenhuma é perfeita. A ligadura elástica de hemorroidas é um tratamento conservador que pode ser realizado em ambulatório. Objetivo: O estudo foi realizado para determinar a eficácia da ligadura no tratamento de hemorroidas de Grau II e III e para acompanhamento dos pacientes tratados por ligaduras para avaliar o alívio sintomático, a recorrência e as complicações. Design do estudo: Estudo prospectivo e intervencionista com liberação do comitê de ética institucional foi realizado durante o período de 2 anos em um centro de referência terciário com um tamanho de amostra de 60. Resultado: Dos 60 pacientes, 41 (68,30%) apresentaram hemorroidas de Grau II e 19 (31,7%) de Grau III. No primeiro seguimento, a taxa de sucesso para hemorroidas de grau II foi de 85% (35/41), em comparação com 21% (4/19) no Grau III. Os 20 pacientes sem sucesso foram novamente submetidos a ligadura, mas apenas 2 deles responderam ao procedimento. Ao final de 6 semanas, 36 pacientes com hemorroidas de Grau II (88%) foram curados. A taxa de falha foi maior para as hemorroidas de grau III (68,42%, n = 13). A taxa de sucesso foi de 86,6% para hemorroida única. Não houve grandes complicações. A anemia reverteu significativamente com ligadura elástica bem-sucedida. Conclusão: A ligadura elástica é um método simples, seguro e eficaz para o tratamento de hemorroidas sintomáticas de segundo e terceiro graus, como procedimento ambulatorial. Ela promove melhores resultados para hemorroidas de Grau II e únicas. A taxa de recorrência após ligadura elástica bem-sucedida é baixa.

Endoscopic Band Ligation to Treat a Massive Hemorrhoidal Hemorrhage Following a Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Prostate Biopsy

Prostate cancer is commonly diagnosed by using a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy. Although this procedure is usually well tolerated, rarely it may be complicated by massive rectal bleeding. We report a case of a 77-year-old male who underwent a TRUS biopsy and subsequently developed recurrent episodes of rectal bleeding with syncope and anemia requiring the transfusion of multiple units of blood. A sigmoidoscopy revealed the source of the bleeding: a large hemorrhoid on the anterior wall of the rectum with an overlying ulceration. We successfully applied a band to ligate the hemorrhoid, and the patient's condition improved. To our knowledge, this case represents the first report of a successful band ligation to treat massive bleeding from a hemorrhoid that had been punctured in the course of the TRUS biopsy procedure.

Caracterización de pacientes con colitis ulcerosa atendidos en centro de nivel terciario / Characterization of patients with ulcerative colitis treated at tertiary center

Introducción: la colitis ulcerosa es una afección de la sociedad moderna y su frecuencia en los países desarrollados ha ido en aumento desde mediados del siglo XX. Objetivo: caracterizar a pacientes con colitis ulcerosa. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal a 176 pacientes, con una edad media de 41,1 ± 14,5 años y colitis ulcerosa, atendidos en el Instituto de Gastroenterología desde enero 2011 hasta diciembre 2012. Resultados: se halló predominio del sexo femenino y el color de la piel blanca, mayor número de pacientes no fumadores y localización de la colitis hacia zona más distal del colon. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron las diarreas con flemas y el sangrado rectal; mientras que las estenosis y el cáncer, al nivel de colon, y las alteraciones articulares y hepatobiliares, al nivel extracolónico, resultaron las complicaciones predominantes. El tratamiento medicamentoso más utilizado fue azulfidina, mesalazina y prednisona, por vía oral. Las causas más frecuentes de tratamiento quirúrgico fueron la estenosis y el cáncer colorrectal; las de muerte, el cáncer colorrectal y el colangiocarcinoma. Conclusiones: la colitis ulcerosa requiere especial atención por un equipo multidisciplinario y la familia, a partir del conocimiento de la enfermedad y sus complicaciones(AU)

Introduction: ulcerative colitis is a pathology of the modern society, and its frequency in developed countries has been growing since the middle of twenty century. Objective: characterize patients with ulcerative colitis. Methods: a transversal study was conducted in 176 patients with ulcerative colitis who are treated at Gastroenterology Institute from January 2011 to December 2012. Results: predominance of females and white skin color subjects was found, as well as higher number of nonsmoking subjects, the most frequent location of colitis was toward the distal colon area. The most common symptoms were diarrhea with mucus and rectal bleeding; but stenosis and cancer at colon level, joint disorders and hepatobiliary at extracolonic level were the predominant complications. The most widely used drug treatment was Azulfidine, mesalazine and prednisone orally. The most common causes of surgical treatment were stenosis and colorectal cancer. The most common cause death were colorectal cancer and cholangiocarcinoma. Conclusions: ulcerative colitis require special care by a multidisciplinary team and family, from knowledge of the disease and its complications(AU)

Persistent Bleeding Following a Stapled Hemorrhoidopexy

A stapled hemorrhoidopexy (SH) is widely used for treatment of patients with grades III and IV hemorrhoids. The SH is easy to perform, is associated with less pain and allows early return to normal activities. However, complications, whether severe or not, have been reported. Here, we present the case of a female patient with persistent bleeding after a SH. The bleeding was caused by the formation of granulation tissue at the stapler line, diagnosed with sigmoidoscopy, and successfully treated via transanal excision (TAE) under spinal anesthesia. The biopsy showed inflammatory granulation tissue. After the TAE, her symptom was completely gone.

Aplicación de formalina al 4 para el tratamiento de la rectitis actínica hemorragia refractaria: variantes, técnicas y resultados / Application of formalin to 4 for the treatment of actinic rectitis refractory hemorrhage: variants, techniques and results

Introducción: Varios tratamientos se utilizan para la rectitis actínica hemorrágica, entre ellos corticoides, sucralfato, mezalasina y distintas variantes de cauterización endoscópica, aunque ninguno puede considerarse de elección. En este contexto, la aplicación local de formalina al 4% ha demostrado ser efectiva y segura cuando han fracasado otros tratamientos conservadores. Objetivo: Comunicar nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la rectitis actínica sangrante con formalina, describiendo las variantes técnicas de su aplicación y los resultados. Diseño: Observacional retrospectivo. Lugar de aplicación: Hospital público de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Pacientes y Método: Se revisaron registros hospitalarios de 10 pacientes (7 mujeres) de edad promedio 61,1±15,6 (rango 28-81) años, con rectitis sangrante posterior a radioterapia pelviana. La dosis osciló entre 7400 y 8000 cGy y el sangrado comenzó en promedio 7,2±3,1 (rango 2-12) meses luego de finalizada la misma. Todos los pacientes presentaban anemia y habían recibido uno o más tratamientos conservadores previos sin respuesta, tres de los cuales habían requerido transfusiones. La terapia con formalina se realizó con dos modalidades: Grupo I: hisopo embebido en formalina al 4% a ph 7 puesto en contacto con la superficie sangrante durante 1-2 minutos. Grupo II: instilación de un volumen de 100-200 ml, en bolos de 30-40 ml por área sangrante, mantenidos en contacto durante 30-60 segundos con posterior aspiración y lavado con solución fisiológica entre los bolos y al final del procedimiento. La respuesta fue considerada completa cuando el sangrado cesó por completo o sólo hubo esporádicas y escasas pérdidas hemáticas, que no requirieron ningún tratamiento. La respuesta parcial se definió como la mejoría en frecuencia y magnitud del sangrado que no requirió otra terapia agresiva. Resultados: Se trataron 10 pacientes (Grupo I: 8 y Grupo II: 2)... (TRUNCADO)...

Background: Several treatments are used for radiation-induced hemorrhagic proctitis, among these corticosteroids, sucralfate, mezalasina, and cauterization endoscopic variants, but none can be considered of choice. With varying results are described. In this context, the local application of 4% formalin has proven to be effective and safe when other conservative treatments have failed. Objective: To report on our experience in the treatment of radiation-induced hemorrhagic proctitis, describing the technical variants of its implementation and results. Design: Observational retrospective study. Setting: Public Hospital of the City of Buenos Aires. Patients and Methods: Hospital records of 10 patients (7 women), average age 61.1 ± 15.6 (range 28-81) years, with radiation-induced hemorrhagic proctitis after pelvic radiotherapy were reviewed. The doses ranged from 7400 to 8000 cGy and the bleeding started on average 7.2 ± 3.1 (range 2-12) months after it ended. All patients had anemia and had received one or more previous conservative treatments with no response, and three of them had required transfusions. Formalin therapy was performed in two ways: Group I: swab with 4% formalin at pH 7 in contact with the bleeding surface for 1-2 minutes. Group II: instillation of a volume of 100-200 ml, in 30-40 ml bolus by bleeding area, maintained in contact with that area for 30-60 seconds, with subsequent aspiration and washing with saline solution between the boluses and the end of the procedure. Treatment response was considered complete when the bleeding stopped completely or there was sporadic and limited blood loss not merequiring any treatment. Partial response was defined as improvement in the frequency and magnitude of bleeding not requiring other aggressive therapy... (TRUNCATED)...

Síndrome de úlcera rectal solitaria en niños: Reporte de 3 casos

El síndrome de la úlcera rectal solitaria es una entidad benigna poco común cuyos síntomas más frecuentes son la rectorragia y el dolor anal. Los hallazgos anatomopatológicos son típicos. Se suele evidenciar engrosamiento de la mucosa, elongación y distorsión de las glándulas, una lámina propia edematosa con gran cantidad de colágena y engrosamiento de la muscularis mucosae. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante endoscopia con toma de biopsias. Se suele localizar preferentemente en la cara rectal anterior y/o lateral, aunque hasta un 30% de las lesiones son múltiples, existiendo casos de afectación del colon sigmoide y descendente. El Síndrome de úlcera rectal solitaria es muy raro en niños y la mayoría de revisiones en este grupo se limitan a descripción de casos. Se presentan tres casos con las características de este síndrome y lo infrecuente de su presentación en edades pediátricas.

Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome is an uncommon benign condition characterized by rectal bleeding, passage of mucus, and pain. Histological features are well established as obliteration of the lamina propia by fibrosis and smooth-muscle fibers extending from a thickened muscularis mucosa to the lumen. Diagnosis can usually be made on sigmoidoscopy, and biopsies should always be taken. Ulceration is not universally present, and polypoid, non-ulcerated lesions and erythematous areas are also seen. The lesion or lesions are most often found on the anterior or anterolateral wall of the rectum, although they can also be located in the left colon and be more extensive or even circumferential. Lesions are multiple in 30 percent of cases. The solitary rectal ulcer syndrome is very rare in children and most of revisions in this group are limited to case description. Three cases with the characteristics of this rare syndrome and its presentation in pediatric patients are presented.

Efficacy and safety of a polyherbal formulation in hemorrhoids.

Background: The medical management of hemorrhoids should include an integrated approach. This integrated approach can be achieved by polyherbal formulations containing anti-inflammatory, styptics, analgesics, and laxative effect which reduce inflammation, pain, and bleeding, and increase gastro-intestinal motility and soften stools. One such polyherbal kit is “Arshkeyt™, a 7 day kit,” which consists of oral tablets and powder along with topical cream. Objective: Efficacy and safety of Arshkeyt™, a 7 day kit, a marketed polyherbal formulation was evaluated in comparison with conventional therapy practiced in surgery outpatient departments. Materials and Methods: Patients (n = 90) with hemorrhoids were randomly allocated to receive either Arshkeyt™ or standard therapy (combination of oral Isabgul powder and 2% lidocaine gel) for 14 days. Assessment on the basis of rectal symptoms and proctoscopic examination was done on day 0, 7, and 14 to derive a “composite score” which ranged from 0 to 25 by a blinded evaluator. The primary endpoint was number of patients achieving composite score 0 at the end of therapy (day 14). Inter-group analysis was done using Chi-square test. Results: On day 14, the composite score of 0 was achieved in 15 patients of Arshkeyt™ group versus 6 patients receiving standard therapy. The symptoms and signs which showed significant improvement in Arshkeyt™ group compared to standard treatment group were the tenesmus (visual analog score) score (P = 0.047), anal sphincter spasm (P = 0.0495) and a decrease in the grade of hemorrhoids (P = 0.0205) on day 14. Arshkeyt™ was also more beneficial in case of bleeding hemorrhoids as compared to nonbleeding hemorrhoids (P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse drug reactions in both groups was comparable and no patient required any treatment for the same. Conclusion: “Arshkeyt™, a 7 day kit,” was effective in the treatment of hemorrhoids and had a good safety profile.

Heterotopia gástrica como causa de sangrado del tubo digestivo bajo / Gastric heterotopia as a cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Se comunica un caso de heterotopia gástrica en rectosigmoides con sangrado rectal como manifestación clínica, por lo que se efectuó la revisión bibliográfica del tema. Caso: Varón de 21 años de edad con rectorragia de una semana de evolución. Durante el estudio del caso se tomaron biopsias de lesiones ulceradas en mucosa rectal, que fueron enviadas para su estudio histopatológico. Resultados: En la muestra recibida se observaron fragmentos entremezclados de mucosa de colon y mucosa gástrica de tipo oxíntico (fúndica) cuyos adenómeros se hallaban en estrecha relación con las criptas de Lieberkühn. Conclusión: La heterotopia gástrica es un hallazgo infrecuente, más aún cuando se observa en segmentos muy apartados en el colon distal. Suele acarrear un curso indolente y benigno, sin embargo, en ocasiones conlleva ciertas malformaciones asociadas o complicaciones derivadas de la misma actividad secretora fisiológica del tejido ectópico. Raramente puede experimentar malignización.

We report a case of gastric heterotopia in the rectum and sigmoid colon clinically presented as rectal bleeding; a review of the literature on the topic is also presented. Case: Twenty-one-year-old male who had experienced rectal bleeding for one week. biopsies from ulcerated lesions in the rectum were taken and sent forward for histopathological assessment. Results: In the sample received, fragments of colon mucosa and oxyntic (fundus) gastric mucosa, which adenomeres were closely related to the crypts of Lieberkuhn. Conclusion: Gastric heterotopia is an unusual finding, even less common when it is located in distant segments of the distal colon. Although usually being a condition with an indolent and benign evolution, it may also produce certain malformations o complications, consequence of the same secretory activity of the ectopic tissue. It rarely becomes a malignant disease.

Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome in Children: A Report of Six Cases

Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS) is a rare, benign disorder in children that usually presents with rectal bleeding, constipation, mucous discharge, prolonged straining, tenesmus, lower abdominal pain, and localized pain in the perineal area. The underlying etiology is not well understood, but it is secondary to ischemic changes and trauma in the rectum associated with paradoxical contraction of the pelvic floor and the external anal sphincter muscles; rectal prolapse has also been implicated in the pathogenesis. This syndrome is diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and endoscopic and histological findings, but SRUS often goes unrecognized or is easily confused with other diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, amoebiasis, malignancy, and other causes of rectal bleeding such as a juvenile polyps. SRUS should be suspected in patients experiencing rectal discharge of blood and mucus in addition to previous disorders of evacuation. We herein report six pediatric cases with SRUS.

Food protein-induced proctocolitis: Is this allergic disorder a reality or a phantom in neonates? / 소아과

The etiology of small and fresh rectal bleeding in neonates who are not sick is usually unknown; the only known cause is food protein-induced proctocolitis (FPIPC). It has been recently reported that FPIPC is a rare cause of rectal bleeding in newborns, and most cases have been proved to be due to idiopathic neonatal transient colitis. A recommended strategy for diagnosing suspected FPIPC in neonates is as follows. During the early stage, the etiology of small and fresh rectal bleeding in an otherwise healthy newborn need not be studied through extensive investigations. In patients showing continued bleeding even after 4 days, sigmoidoscopy and rectal mucosal biopsy may be performed. Even if mucosal histological findings indicate a diagnosis of FPIPC, further oral food elimination and challenge tests must be performed sequentially to confirm FPIPC. Food elimination and challenge tests should be included in the diagnostic criteria of FPIPC.

The Characteristics and Diagnostic Methods of Food Protein Induced Proctocolitis / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

Food protein induced proctocolitis (FPIPC) is a non-IgE mediated food allergy. FPIPC occurs exclusively among breast-fed infants within the first months of life. FPIPC is often diagnosed clinically in normal-conditioned infants with rectal bleeding. But FPIPC among infancy with rectal bleeding is less general than conceived. The endoscopic findings reveal an edematous and erythematous mucosa with superficial erosions or ulcerations, bleeding and lymphoid nodular hyperplasia. The prominent eosinophilic infiltrates in the rectosigmoid mucosa are important for the histopathologic diagnosis of FPIPC. However, in explaining eosinophilic infiltration within the lamina propria of the mucosa, it is necessary to differentiate whether it is a part of normal findings or occurs due to inflammatory reactions. Oral food challenge and elimination test is performed to identify the same clinical reaction as the symptom of FPIPC by the administration of a specific type of food to infants. The most common causal food is cow's milk. Thus oral food challenge and elimination test can be the effective way of confirming FPIPC, reducing the possibility of misdiagnosis. The purpose of this report is to identify the characteristics of FPIPC, to introduce its diagnostic methods, and to suggest the future direction of research.

Melanoma anorrectal primario: una causa infrecuente de rectorragia en el adulto mayor / Primary anorectal melanoma: an uncommon source of rectal bleeding in the elderly

El melanoma anorrectal primario es un tumor maligno muy infrecuente y con un pobre pronóstico. Se presenta un paciente de 66 años con rectorragia, en el cual el diagnóstico de melanoma anorrectal se efectuó por colonoscopia e histología. Se trató mediante una resección abdominoperineal. Se efectúa revisión de la literatura.

Primary anorectal melanoma is a very rare malignant tumor, with poor prognosis. A 66 years old man presenting with rectal bleeding is reported. The diagnosis of anorectal melanoma was confirmed by colonoscopy and histological findings. An abdominoperineal resection was performed. A review of the literature is presented.

The Clinical and Histopathologic Findings of Lymphonodular Hyperplasia of the Colon in Infancy and Childhood / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

PURPOSE: Lymphonodular hyperplasia of the colon (LNHC) is a rare finding in children and its significance as a pathologic finding is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of LNHC by analyzing clinical and histopathologic findings in children with LNHC. METHODS: We analyzed data from 38 patients who were confirmed to have LNHC by colonoscopy. We checked age, birth history, past history, family history, and clinical symptoms. A hematologic exam, stool exam, and image studies were performed and biopsy specimens were examined by a pathologist. All patients were asked to have short- and long-term follow-up. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 12.5+/-14.4 months. All patients presented with complaints of bloody stool. They appeared healthy and the hematologic findings were within a normal range, with the exception of one case. There was no other identified source of bleeding. On histologic exam, 36 patients (94.7%) had lymphoid follicles and 34 patients (84.5%) fulfilled the criteria of allergic colitis. Regardless of diet modification and presence of residual symptom, there was no recurrence of bloody stool through long-term follow-up in all patients. CONCLUSION: LNHC is more common in infants who are affected by allergic colitis, but it can appear even after infancy. LNHC should be regarded as the etiology when there are any other causes of rectal bleeding, especially in healthy children. We suggest that LNHC has a benign course regardless of diet modification and it might not require excessive concerns.